Upper Motor Neurones (UMN), Lower Motor Neurone (LMN) and their Lesions
All the neurons contributing to the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems should be called upper motor neurons (UMN).
The anterior horn cells and the related neurons in the motor nuclei of some cranial nerves are called lower motor neurons (LMN). Axons of these cells give rise to the peripheral motor nerves. These …

Opioid Poisoing- Clinical features, Diagnosis and emergency management
Opioids are among the commonly misused substance by drug abusers around the world. Opioids come in various forms – Heroin , Morphine, Methadone, Coedine, Pethidine, Dihydrocoedeine.
Opioids are a class of drugs derived from the extracts of plant- opium poppy. Used as Analgesics but  most opiates give a feeling of euphoria and a …

Pathology is an interesting subject but it is as difficult as any other subjects in medical science like anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, etc. We all are made differently and we all have different way of learning or studying. The method that I use to study may or may not be suitable to you. Lectures, books, pictures and slides are the common …

Postural reflexes are the group of reflexes (automatic movements) which maintain body position and equilibrium either during rest or during movement kinetic by changing the distribution of MT in the limbs and trunk. They maintain posture, balance and fluidity of movement, replacing the Primitive Reflexes in a sequential manner, as those Primitive Reflexes inhibit. Righting reflexes are any of various …