Ketone bodies, produced mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells from acetyl-CoA enter blood, provide much of the energy to heart tissue, and during starvation to the brain. They include 3 water soluble chemicals namely: acetone, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (not a true ketone). The levels of acetone are much lower than those of the other 2 ketone bodies; it cannot …

Introduction:
Countercurrents exist when fluids flow in opposite directions in parallel and adjacent tubes. There are 2 countercurrent systems and an osmotic equilibrating device:

Countercurrent multiplier (Loop of Henle): Establishes gradient of osmolarity from cortex (300mOsm/L) to the papilla (1200mOsm/L) aided by Urea recycling
Countercurrent exchanger (Vasa recta): Maintains the corticopapillary osmotic gradient established by Countercurrent multiplier
Osmotic equilibrating device (Collecting duct): Depending on …

Definition:
A network of spinal nerves that originates in the back of the neck, extends through the axilla (armpit), and gives rise to nerves to the upper limb. The brachial plexus is formed by the union of portions of the 5th through 8th cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1), all of which come from the spinal cord.
Function:
The …

All are about 45 cms or 18 inches:

Length of Vas deferens or ductus deferens
Length of thoracic duct
Length of Spinal cord
Femur (for 6 feet person)
Length of transverse colon
Distance from the incisor teeth to the cardiac end of the stomach
Umbilical cord at birth
Length of sartorius muscle

All are about 25 cms or 10 inches:

Length of Esophagus
Length of Ureter
Length of Duodenum
Length of Descending colon

All …