Physiology Archive

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Sulabh Shrestha Physiology December 27, 2015

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is a rare neurobehavioral disorder associated with bilateral destruction of the anterior part of the temporal lobes of the brain. This removes not only, portions of temporal cortex but also of the amygdalas that lie inside these parts of the temporal lobe. ...Read More

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Lesions of Upper Motor Neurons and Lower Motor Neurons

Sulabh Shrestha Anatomy, Physiology August 27, 2013

Upper Motor Neurones (UMN), Lower Motor Neurone (LMN) and their Lesions All the neurons contributing to the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems should be called upper motor neurons (UMN). The anterior horn cells and the related neurons in the motor nuclei of some cranial nerves ...Read More

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Resting Membrane Potential, Action Potential and Ionic Basis

Kafle Physiology June 5, 2012

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) There exists a potential difference across the cell membrane in all the living cells in resting conditions which is known as resting membrane potential. The value of RMP normally varies from 5 millivolts(mV) to -100 millivolts(mV). The value mainly depends ...Read More

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Renal Counter Current Mechanism Made Simple

Sulabh Shrestha Physiology February 19, 2012

Introduction: Countercurrents exist when fluids flow in opposite directions in parallel and adjacent tubes. There are 2 countercurrent systems and an osmotic equilibrating device: Countercurrent multiplier (Loop of Henle): Establishes gradient of osmolarity from cortex (300mOsm/L) to the papilla (1200mOsm/L) aided by Urea recycling ...Read More

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Cardiac Cycle

Sulabh Shrestha Physiology October 20, 2011

Definition: Cardiac cycle refers to the cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat by spontaneous generation of action potential in SA node to the beginning of the next. When the heart rate is 75/min, the period of one cardiac cycle ...Read More

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Function of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

Sulabh Shrestha Physiology August 12, 2011

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus or Complex is a specialized region of a nephron where the afferent arteriole and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) come in direct contact with each other. Juxtaglomeruar Apparatus (JGA) consists of: 1) Juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth muscle cells) of afferent arteriole including renin ...Read More

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Auscultatory gap in hypertension

Sulabh Shrestha Physiology August 11, 2011

Sometimes during manual blood pressure measurement by auscultatory method, after a few initial tapping sounds, no sound is heard for a variable duration and then the sounds are heard again. This period when no sound is heard is called as auscultatory gap. Korotkoff sounds: ...Read More

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Lung Volumes, Capacities and Dead Space

Editor Anaesthesia, Physiology April 6, 2011

Lung Volumes, Capacities and Dead Space- Definitions and Normal values . Knowledge of these values are quite important to understand respiratory physiology, pathological basis of various respiratory illnesses and for anesthesia. Tidal Volume (TV)- Volume of gas inspired or expired in each breath during normal quiet ...Read More

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Mechanism of Cough and Sneeze

Sulabh Shrestha Physiology April 5, 2011

Receptors Extrathoracic: nose, oropharynx, larynx, upper trachea Intrathoracic: rapidly adapting irritant receptors in epithelium of lower trachea and large central bronchi Other locations: tympanic membrane, diaphragm, stomach Cough Reflex: Cough is an expulsive reflex that protects the lungs and respiratory passage from foreign bodies. ...Read More

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