Definition: Inflammation of the pancreas due to parenchymal autodigestion by proteolytic enzymes
The clinical definition of acute pancreatitis, whether in the presence or absence of underlying chronic pancreatitis, requires atleast 2 of the following 3 features:

Clinical assessment: Abdominal pain suggestive strongly of acute pancreatitis.
Enzymes: Serum amylase and/or lipase activity at least 3 times greater than the upper limit of normal.
Imaging: Characteristic findings …

Immediate (Somatic death):
1. Insensibility and loss of voluntary power
2. Cessation of respiration
3. Cessation of circulation
Early (Cellular death):
1. Skin:

Pallor mortis
Drying
Loss of elasticity

2. Face:

Expressionless (relaxed facial muscles)
Moustache/beard/nails don’t grow (false impression due to shrinkage of skin)

3. Eye:

Loss of corneal reflex
Decreased in i.o.t and softening of eyeball (like rotten tomato; normal like unripe tomato)
Opacity of cornea: Due to drying (delayed by 2 hours if eyelid …

Definition: Implantation and development of fertilized ovum outside the normal endometrial cavity
Sites of Implantation:
1. Extrauterine (98.5%):

Tubal (97%): Ampulla, Isthmus, Indundibulum, Interstitium
Ovarian (0.5%)
Abdominal (1%): Secondary > Primary

2. Uterine (1.5%):

Cervical (<1%)
Angular
Cornual (In bicornuate uterus)
Cesarean section scar

Heterotopic pregnancy: combination of intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy.
Risk Factors:

History of PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
Tubal/Pelvic surgery
Contraception failure
Previous ectopic pregnancy
History of infertility
IUD (Intrauterine Contraceptive Device)
Previous induced abortion
Tubal endometriosis

The fertilized …

Definition: Lateral pressure exerted by the flowing blood on the wall of the vessels
Blood Pressure Measurement:
A) Methods:

Direct: Cardiac catheter
Indirect: Sphygmomanometer

Factors influencing BP measurement:

Increase BP: Caffeine, Tobacco smoking, Exercise, Emotional responses, Medications
Decrease: Changes in posture, Medications

B) Sphygmomanometer parts:

Aneroid barometer or Mercury manometer
Riva-rocci cuff: width must be atleast 40% of arm circumference, should be 20% broader than the diameter of the patient’s upper arm and must be …

Studying and concentrating in books is not a piece of cake for everybody. It often takes a lot of determination and focus to start studying regularly in a flow. ” One day you are in a great mood to study , you do study that day, and next day you are distracted away. May be due to a movie, a …