Lung Volumes, Capacities and Dead Space- Definitions and Normal values . Knowledge of these values are quite important to understand respiratory physiology, pathological basis of various respiratory illnesses and for anesthesia.
Tidal Volume (TV)- Volume of gas inspired or expired in each breath during normal quiet respiration. It is 400-500 ml ie 10ml/kg
Inspiratory Reserve Volume ( IRV)- It is the maximum …

Spinal Anaesthesia also called Subarachnoid block or Intrathecal Block.
Operations
Indications:

Abdominal & vaginal hysterectomies
Laparoscopy Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomies (LAVH) combined with general anaesthesia
Caesarean sections
Hernia (inguinal or epigastric)
Piles fistulae & fissures
orthopaedic surgeries on the pelvis, femur, tibia and the ankle
nephrectomy
cholecystectomies
trauma surgery on the lower limbs, especially if the patient is full-stomach
Open tubectomies
Trans-urethral resection of prostate

Position- Lateral, …

MECHANICAL VENTILATION OF LUNGS
Mechanical ventilation of lungs is carried out by intubating the patient by nasal or oral route or through tracheostomy and connecting endotracheal or tracheostomy tube to ventilator.

INDICATIONS:

On the basis of blood gas analysis

pO2<50mmHg in room air or pO2<60mmHg on FIO2 >.5
pH< 7.25(acute respiratory …