Definition: A hypermetabolic state that occurs in genetically susceptible patients on exposure to a triggering agent.
Triggering agents:

Suxamethonium or Succinylcholine (Depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant)
All anesthetic volatile agents (eg. halothane)

Biochemical basis:
It is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition and caused by loss of normal Ca2+ homeostasis at some point along the excitation-contraction coupling process on exposure to triggering agents. Most likely site …

First of all, let’s take a moment and define sleep apnea. Have you ever repeatedly stopped breathing during the night? Well, that’s basically the best definition for sleep apnea – a disorder characterized by a recurrent issue in breathing during your night sleep. While there have been many different caused linked to this particular issue all of them lead to …

Spinal anesthesia, also known as Subarachnoid blockade or Spinal block is a type of regional anesthesia in which the lower half of the body is anesthetized by injecting an anesthetic agent in the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord.
A. Indications:

Transurethral prostatectomy (a block to T10 is required because of innervation of the bladder)
Hysterectomy
Hernia repair
Caesarean section (block to T6)
Evacuation of retained …

The word ‘cataract’ dates from the middle Ages and has been derived from the Greek word ‘katarraktes’ which means ‘waterfall’. This term has been coined assuming that an ‘abnormal humor’ developed and flowed in front of the lens to decrease the vision. But after the understanding of lens anatomy, in modern days, Cataract is defined as the presence of any …

The ear is divided into three portions: the external, middle and inner ear.  The external ear consists of the auricle which gathers sound and funnels it through a tube known as external auditory canal (acoustic meatus) to the tympanic membrane (ear drum). The tympanic membrane is attached to three tiny bones (ossicles): maleus, incus and stapes. The membrane and the …