Preventive and Social Medicine Mnemonics

Diseases for global eradication

‘ Small Person is Mr. Dracula ‘

1. Smallpox
2. Polio
3. Measles
4. Dracunculiasis

Types of Vaccines

‘ STARK ‘

1. Subunit
2. Toxoid
3. Attenuated (live)
4. Recombinant
5. Killed (inactivated)

Protein content of milk

1. Human: ~1.1 %
2. Cow: ~2.2 %
3. Buffalo: ~3.3 %
4. Goat: ~4.4 %

Polio vaccines

SalK : Killed Polio vaccine
OraL (Sabin) : Live Polio vaccine

Prevalance of disease

‘ PID ‘

Prevalance = Incidence x Duration

Antioxidant vitamins

‘ ACE ‘

1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin C and
3. Vitamin E

Uses of Normal human immunoglobulin

‘ HAM ‘

1. Hepatitis A
2. Measles prophylaxis

Diseases caused by Aedes aegypti

‘ Rosy Cheeks, Yellow Dimple ‘

1. Rift valley fever
2. Chikungunya
3. Yellow fever
4. Dengue

Live attenuated vaccines

‘ ROME Is My Best Place To go Yet ‘

1. Rubella
2. Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
3. Measles
4. Epidemic typhus
5. Influenza
6. Mumps
7. BCG
8. Plague
9. Typhoid oral vaccine
10. Yellow fever

Cereals and pulses and their lacking Amino acid

‘ CMPL ‘

• Cereals + Pulses = Complete food.
• Cerelas have Methinone and Pulses have Lysine.
• When it comes to the deficient amino acid, just reverse it.

Passively immunized diseases with antisera

‘ DetecTive BRG ‘

1. Diptheria
2. Tetanus
3. Botulism
4. Rabies
5. Gas gangrene

Suicide risk factors

‘ SAD PERSONS ‘

1. Sex: male
2. Age: young, elderly
3. Depression
4. Previous suicide attempts
5. Ethanol and other drugs
6. Reality testing/ Rational thought (loss of)
7. Social support lacking
8. Organized suicide plan
9. No spouse
10. Sickness/ Stated future intent

Poisson distribution formula

MNEMONIc: M to the Nth power times E to the Minus nth Over N factorial

Formula is: [(m^n) * (e^-n)] / n!

Accuracy of test: Sensitivity and Specificity

• seNsitivity of a test: related to the rate of false Negatives.
• sPecificity of a test: related to the rate of false Positives.

Hill criteria for Causality

‘ Clowns Pursuing Epidemiology Commonly Behind The Silly Samples ‘

1. Consistency
2. Plausibility
3. Experimentation
4. Biological gradient
5. Coherence
6. Temporality
7. Strength of association
8. Specificity

Recall bias

REcall bias is a problem with REtrospective studies and is based on ability to REmember.

Prevention: primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary

1. Primary: Predisposing factors decreased
2. Secondary: Severity decreased
3. Tertiary: Therapy, Training

Cigarette smoke: major carcinogens

‘ PANT ‘

1. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
2. Aromatic amines
3. Nitrosamines
4. Tar

Nicotine and Carbon monoxide are Non-Carcinogenic.

Error: type I (alpha) vs. type II (beta)

Type I (Alpha) Error: ”There Is An Effect” where in reality there is none.

Reliability

• Random Error
• REduces
• REliability (REproducibility)

Causation

‘ Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) : check BP continuously ‘

1. Temporal
2. Specificity
3. Strength
4. Consistency
5. Biological Plausibility
6. Coherence

Vitamin B

‘ The RN Played Barcelona FC ‘

‘ TRNPBFC ‘

1. B1 – Thiamine
2. B2 – Riboflavin
3. B3 – Niacin (nicotinic acid)
4. B6 – Pyridoxine
5. B7- Biotin
6. B9 – Folic acid
7. B12 – Cyanocobalamin

Assesment of Nutritional Status

1. A : Anthropometric Studies
2. B : Biochemical Studies
3. C : Clinical Examination
4. D : Diet Surveys
5. E : Ecological surveys
6. F : Functinal Status
7. G
8. H : Health and Vital Statistics

Polio Virus Strains

‘ OPV ‘

1. type 1 : O = Outbreaks of paralytic polio
2. type 2 : P = Potent antigenic strain
3. type 3 : V = Vaccine associated polio

Notifiable Diseases

‘ Yellow CuP ‘

• Yellow fever
• Cholera
• Plague

Prinicples of Primary Health Care (PHC):

‘ I ACE ‘

1. I : Intersectoral co-ordination
2. A : Appropriate technology
3. C : Community participation
4. E : Equitable distribution

Phases of Development of lungs:

“Every Premature Child Takes Air”

E = Embryonic (4-5 weeks)
P = Pseudoglandular (5-16 weeks)
C = Canalicular (16-26 weeks)
T = Terminal sac (26 weeks to 8 months)
A = Alveolar (8 months to birth)

Nerve supply of diaphragm:

C three,four and Five, keeps diaphragm alive

Phrenic nerve (C3-5) supplies diaphragm. Irritation of diaphragm may cause referred pain on shoulder because phrenic nerve and supraclavicular nerve have same root value i.e. C3-5.

Opening of Diaphragm:

Voice of America (VOA 8,10,12)

Venacaval opening lies in the central tendon of diaphragm at the level of T8
Oesophageal opening lies in the muscular part of diaphragm at the level of T10
Aortic opening lies at the lower border of T12

Components of median nasal septum (medial wall of nasal cavity):

VPN (virtual private network) of RS 100

V = Vomer
P = Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
N = Nasal spine of frontal bone; Nasal crests of nasal, palatine and maxillary bone
R = Rostrum of sphenoid
S = Septal cartilage, Septal process of inferior nasal cartilage

Bronchopulmonary segments of Lung:

A PALM Seed MakeS Another Little Palm”

From superior to inferior:
Apical
Posterior
Anterior
Lateral
Medial
Superior
Medial basal
Anterior basal
Lateral basal
Posterior basal

Parts of Larynx (Voicebox) in sagittal section:

3 Vs

Vestibular fold
Ventricle (Sinus)
Vocal fold

Pleura surface markings:

All the even ribs, in order: 2,4,6,8,10,12 show its route

Rib 2: sharp angle inferiorly
Rib 4: the left pleura does a lateral shift to accommodate heart (cardiac notch)
Rib 6: both diverge laterally
Rib 8: midclavicular line
Rib 10: midaxillary line
Rib 12: the back

Contents of Superior Mediastinum:

PVT Left BATTLE

P = Phrenic nerve
V = Vagus nerve
T = Thoracic duct
Left = Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
B = Brachiocephalic veins
A = Arch of aorta and its 3 branches
T = Thymus
T = Trachea
L = Lymph nodes
E = Esophagus

The 3 branches of Arch of Aorta

ABCs of Aortic Arch

A = Aortic arch
B = Brachiocephalic trunk
C = Left common carodtid artery
S = Left subclavian artery

Contents of posterior mediastinum:

4 birds:

esophaGOOSE (esophagus)
vaGOOSE nerve (vagus)
azyGOOSE vein (azygos)
thoracic DUCK (duct)

Acquired Anomaly
Secondary to Surgery
Hysterosalpingography confirms diagnosis
Endometrial damage/ Eugonadotropic
Repeated uterine trauma
Missed Menses
Adhesions
Normal estrogen and progesterone

Easy Pharmacology Mnemonics

“Increased Maternal Serum Alpha Feto Protein”

Intestinal obstruction
Multiple gestation/ Miscalculation of gestational age/ Myeloschisis
Spina bifida cystica
Anencephaly/ Abdominal wall defect
Fetal death
Placental abruption

LARA CROFT: Causes of Pain abdomen during Pregnancy

Labour
Abruption of placenta
Rupture (eg. ectopic/ uterus)
Abortion
Cholestasis
Rectus sheath haematoma
Ovarian tumour
Fibroids
Torsion of uterus

CONTRACEPTIVES Side Effects-

Cholestatic jaundice
Oedema (corneal)
Nasal congestion
Thyroid dysfunction
Raised BP
Acne/ Alopecia/ Anaemia
Cerebrovascular disease
Elevated blood sugar
Porphyria/ Pigmentation/ Pancreatitis
Thromboembolism
Intracranial hypertension
Vomiting (progesterone only)
Erythema nodosum/ Extrapyramidal effects
Sensitivity to light

FORCEPS: Criteria of forceps use for delivery

Foetus alive
Os dilated
Ruptured membrane
Cervix taken up
Engagement of head
Presentation suitable
Sagittal suture in AP diameter of inlet

Post-partum examination - BUBBLES:

Breast
Uterus
Bowel
Bladder
Lochia
Episotomy
Surgical site (for Cesarean section)

Contributed By – Mr. Jason M. Clarke

What is the hindrance to success?
1. Non preparedness.: It is impossible to get through an MBBS exam if you are reading for the exam just a day before it, unless you are too lucky or Super-genius. A day to day reading and preparation is the motto. Searching for pen, scale, etc at last moment.
2. Improper study and revision plan: Inability of the student to divide time for different subjects and different chapters within subject during final preparation is another issue.
3. Panicky- really a serious issue: You know but you can’t recall because you are anxious. Your mind is not working just the heart is pumping because of anxiety.
4. Unnecessary stress by trying to overdo things- Trying to remember something in too much detail may cause unnecessary stress. Comparing yourself to others and feeling guilty is another mistake. Fear of result is unnecessary .
5. Over Confidence- confidence is good but over confidence may land you up in disaster specially in viva and practical exams.
6. Neglecting the past questions

MBBS Exam a Time of Burden

Night before the exam:

1. Consult and discuss the preparation with your friends. You may be missing something important.
2. Make sure you complete your chapters by night. Keep the morning for revision.
3. Make sure you have not forgotten to ready your tools like pen, scale, clip board, rubber, Admit card etc.
4. Take frequent short rest. Close eyes but not your mind. Recall the topics you’ve read. Such rest time can be of 10 minutes. It’ll rest your eyes and improve your concentration.
5. Sleep adequate so that you won’t have a hangover in the morning. But don’t over sleep which will cause you to panic next day.

Morning of the Exam:

6. Wake up, take a cup of coffee with light breakfast. Include an apple which will freshen you up.
7. Plan atleast 4-6 hours for final reading in the morning ie flash revision. During this go through the most important chapters, go through the headings and subheadings and points( Skip the texts as you have read it before). Take time to recall the formula, Mnemonics and points.
8. Last moment reading is Worthless does not apply for MBBS exam. Go through the most probable topics again if time is available even before you enter the exam hall.You may see the question from the last moment chapter and then you will see how your hand runs smoothly on the answer paper.

In the Examination Hall-

1. Reach atleast 10 minutes before the start time.
2. Fill Your details in Answer paper clearly and stay calm. Do anything that will give you extra impression and marks like drawing margins etc.
3. Stay calm and read the questions from 1 to last once and decide which section you are to start with. Make sure that 1st question you answer is the one you know well as it’ll boost your confidence for rest of the paper.
4. Divide the time for each question. Make sure you don’t miss question. Remember answering 3 questions and getting 3 marks each is not better than answering 4 in short and getting 2.5 each. Cut short if time is less but answer all.
5. Answer as neatly as possible and leave adequate spacing between words. It’ll make paper look cleaner and answer look lengthier.
6. Do not try to fool the examiner by repeating the same sentence again and again trying to elongate the answer. Describe well but get to the point at right time. Don’t just hit around the bush until examiner is frustrated with your answer.
7. Keep sometime to recheck your paper.

After the exam-

Sleep atleast 1-2 hours before starting preparation for next subject. It works like resetting your PC and created memory for next subject. It will also give you ability to wake late.
After the Examination is complete-
Forget about the exam. Don’t take too much stress for result. But learn from you experience and improve them in coming exam.

All though, you may read hundreds of tips online, its you who should decide which are good for you and which aren’t. So don’t ignore your own idea.
BEST OF LUCK  :-)