Sometimes during manual blood pressure measurement by auscultatory method, after a few initial tapping sounds, no sound is heard for a variable duration and then the sounds are heard again. This period when no sound is heard is called as auscultatory gap.
Korotkoff sounds:
When the cuff pressure is great enough to close the artery during part of the arterial pressure cycle, …

Primary Immunopathogenic mechanism:
Initiator of the disease process by:

Antibody mediated injury: immune complex deposition or cytotoxic antibodies
T-cell mediated immune injury: non-immune complex deposition mechanism

Secondary immunopathogenic mechanism:
Role of mediators of the disease:
A) Cells:

Neutrophils and monocytes
Macrophages, T lymphocytes and NK cells
Platelets
Resident glomerular cells (Mesagnial cells)

B) Soluble mediators:

Complement components
Eicosanoids, NO, angiotensin and endothelin
Cytokines: IL-1 and TNF
Chemokines: MCP-1, RANTES, TGF-B
Coagulation system

Antibody Mediated Injury
Include:

Membranous glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
Membranoproliferative …

In the previous article, we tried to understand how SLE patients present and when to suspect it. Most of the time, the disease just keeps glaring at us and we still miss it because we do not think about it. Now once we have suspected SLE on the basis of clinical symptoms and confirmed it my serological tests, we need …

Regional Anatomy of PICA:
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery also known as PICA is the largest branch of the vertebral artery, passes on an irregular course between Medulla and Cerebellum.  It is one of the 3 major arteries supplying  the cerebellum. It supplies the posterior part of inferior surface of Vermis, Central nucleii of Cerebellum and undersurface of Cerebellar hemisphere.It also …

WHAT IS LUPUS?
Lupus or systemic lupus erythrematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting multipe organs of the body. SLE is a type of autoimmune disease characterised by widespread activation of the immune system, with Tcell-Bcell interaction, auto-antibody generation, immune complex formation and deposition and deposition.
WHAT CAUSES LUPUS?
Research is still going on studying the causation for lupus. While …