A relatively rare but deadly cancer, mesothelioma kills between 15,000 to 20,000 people around the world every year.  This aggressive form of cancer is strongly linked to exposure to asbestos, a thread-like mineral once popular in building materials and insulation for the strength, durability, and fire resistance it provided.  Fibers of asbestos can be inhaled and then lodge in the …

Chest X-ray of a 35 year male with Pulmonary Tuberculosis who is under Anti-tubercular Treatment CATEGORY II.He had pyopneumothorax on the right -side with collapsed lower lobe and Miliary seeding on the left lung. Chest drain was in-situ on Right-side.
His Chest X- ray shows diffuse ” Millet seed” lesions on Left side typical of Miliary Tuberculosis.
See the fullsize image …

These are typical reference ranges, although various analysers and laboratories may employ different ranges.
Online Interpreter ABG : http://manuelsweb.com/abg.htm

Analyte
Range
Interpretation

pH
7.35-7.45
The pH or H+ indicates if a patient is acidotic (pH < 7.35; H+ >45) or alkalemic (pH > 7.45; H+ < 35).

H+
35-45 nmol/l(nM)
See above.

PaO2
9.3-13.3kPa or 80-100mmHg
A low O2 indicates that the patient is not respiring properly, and is hypoxemic. At a PaO2 of …

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Definition
Group of heterogeneous conditions embracing chronic bronchitis, chronic bronchiolitis (small airway disease) and emphysema characterized by air flow limitation that is not fully reversible.Emphysema is defined as enlargement of the distal airways with destruction of acinus , without associated fibrosis.Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as cough, productive of at least 2 tablespoons of sputum on most days …

NONCARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema(NCPE) results from

elevated pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
damage to vascular endothelium by factors that disrupt pulmonary surfactant and decrease lung compliance.

CAUSES:

drug overdose
near drowning
thermal injury
inhalation of toxic gases
trauma
sepsis
shock
high altitude illness
pulmonary embolism
ARDS
pulmonary lymphatic obstruction
aspiration of gastric contents
disseminated intravascular coagulation

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

Main symptoms are dyspnea and tachypnea.
On physical examination- presence of bilateral rales

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
ABG – used to assess the need …