Indications in acute renal failure
Absolute:
1) Severe fluid overload with CCF
2) Severe hyperkalemia unresponsive to medical Rx or with ECG changes
3) Severe hyponeatrmia
4) Server metabloic acidosis requiring > 2 doses of NaHCO3 (2mEq/kg/dose)
5) Uraemia
6) Fluid restriction curtailling ample nutrition
Relative:
1) Anuria
2) High urea and creatinine values alone are not indications

METHOD
Materials:
1) Pertioneal dialysis tubing, trocar and cannula
2) Yellow intracath #14 gauge needle – …

Rapidly progressive is characterized by the histopathologic finding of crescents in the majority of glomeruli. The natural history in most forms is rapid progression to end-stage renal failure.
It is characterized by rapid deterioration of renal functions over days to weeks.
MANAGEMENT of RPGN-
We have elaborated “The regimen used by the Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network at the University of North Carolina at …

Primary Immunopathogenic mechanism:
Initiator of the disease process by:

Antibody mediated injury: immune complex deposition or cytotoxic antibodies
T-cell mediated immune injury: non-immune complex deposition mechanism

Secondary immunopathogenic mechanism:
Role of mediators of the disease:
A) Cells:

Neutrophils and monocytes
Macrophages, T lymphocytes and NK cells
Platelets
Resident glomerular cells (Mesagnial cells)

B) Soluble mediators:

Complement components
Eicosanoids, NO, angiotensin and endothelin
Cytokines: IL-1 and TNF
Chemokines: MCP-1, RANTES, TGF-B
Coagulation system

Antibody Mediated Injury
Include:

Membranous glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
Membranoproliferative …

Patient with RA stenosis presents with:
A.Hypertension when it affects single kidney and as Renal failure when it affects bilateral kidneys. It is often a part of Atherosclerotic vascular disease.
B. Deterioration of Renal function on ACE inhibitors: A drop in GFR ie .20% rise in serum creatinine levels when patient is on ACEI , raises the possibility of RA stenosis …

Anemia in context of CRF usually correlates with the severity of Renal failure.Deficiency of erythropoietin is the primary cause of anemia in chronic renal failure.Anemia is responsible for several nonspecific symptoms in a patient with CRF.
Mechanisms implicated for Anemia in CKD are-
1. Relative deficiency of Erythropoeitin: Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by the peritubular capillary endothelial cells in the …