Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTC):

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium microti
Mycobacterium africanum
Mycobacterium canettii

General Characteristics:

Nonmotile, nonsporing and noncapsulated bacillus arranged singly or in group
Has a complex peptidoglycan arabinogalactan mycolate cell wall that is approximately 60% lipid, resulting in acid-fastness, poor Gram staining (weakly gram positive), and resistance to drying and many chemicals
Mycobacterium tuberculosis appears slender, straight or slightly curved rod with beaded or barred appearance …

2 Anatomic Categories:
1. Upper UTI:

Acute pyelitis (renal pelvis)
Acute pyelonephritis (renal parenchyma)

2. Lower UTI:

Cystitis (urinary bladder)
Urethritis (urethra)

Predisposing Factors:

Obstruction of urinary flow: Benign Prostate Hypertrophy, Calculus, Tumor, etc.
Surgery: on the kidney or urinary tract
Catheters: inserted through the urethra into the bladder
Diabetes Mellitus and Immunocompromised states
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR): Reflux of urine from bladder up into ureters and renal pelvis
Neurogenic bladder or Bladder diverticulum
Female …

Bacterial Structures:
Size:  0.2 um (Mycoplasma species – smallest) to 5 um (Bacillus anthracis – largest) (compare RBC: 7um)

Peptidoglycan:

Function: Gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure
Chemical composition: Sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains

Plasma (Cytoplasmic) membrane:

Function: Site of oxidative and transport enzymes; semipermeable membrane
Chemical composition: Lipoprotein bilayer beneath cell wall

Cell wall (Gram positives):

Function: Major surface antigen; freely permeable
Chemical composition: Peptidoglycan for …

Vibrio cholerae (Kommabacillus) is the causative agent of Cholera. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Every year, there are an estimated 3–5 million cholera cases and 100000–120000 deaths due to cholera. The appelation cholera probably derives from the Greek word for the gutter of a roof, comparing the …

Approximately 350 million people are infected globally with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and an estimated of 1 million people die from complications of Hepatitis B virus each year. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) are extremely resistant strain capable of withstanding extreme temperatures and humidity.
Taxonomy of Hepatitis B virus (HBV):
› Viruses
› Retro-transcribing viruses
› Hepadnaviridae
› Orthohepadnavirus
› Hepatitis B virus
Structure …